Temnoma Mitt.

Liverworts v1 (2008) - A Flora of the Liverworts and Hornworts of New Zealand Volume 1

Temnoma Mitt.

Temnoma Mitt. in Hook.f., Handb. N. Zeal. Fl. 753. 1867.

Teinnoma Mitt., Philos. Trans. 168 (extra vol.): 32, 33. 1879, err. typogr.

Type: Temnoma pulchellum (Hook.) Mitt. (≡Jungermannia pulchella Hook.)

Plants isophyllous to weakly anisophyllous, suberect to procumbent, deep green to commonly brown, small to medium in size, 0.8–3.5 mm wide with leaves. Branching rather sparing, irregularly variable: Frullania type always present, ventral-intercalary type typically present but at times infrequent; Microlepidozia and Acromastigum types rarely present in some taxa; lateral-intercalary very rare (T. quadrifidum). Stems with cortical cells ± thin-walled, ± equal in size to the thin-walled medullary cells or a little smaller. Rhizoids at underleaf bases. Leaves with insertion nearly transverse to weakly to distinctly succubous, symmetric or, less often, asymmetric (the dorsal 1–2 lobes smaller), (3)4-lobed to (0.2)0.25–0.75; lobes acute to lanceolate, entire or with opposed, spinescent, normally unbranched teeth or cilia (at least near sinuses, or near gynoecia); disc entire or with teeth or cilia. Cells of lamina rectangular, typically conspicuously so, for the most part 1.5–3× longer than wide, thin- to weakly firm-walled, without trigones, the areolation irregular and not in a tiered arrangement; surface typically conspicuously striate-papillose. Oil-bodies granular to finely papillose. Underleaves 2(4)-lobed, entire or with teeth or cilia similar to those of the leaves. Asexual reproduction absent.

Dioecious. Androecia on long leafy shoots, becoming intercalary, the bracts similar to leaves except moderately to distinctly ventricose at base and less deeply lobed; antheridia 1–2 per bract, the stalk biseriate; bracteoles flat. Gynoecia with bracts and bracteoles erect and sheathing perianth, like the leaves and underleaves except larger and the disc higher, the lobes dentate to ciliate (even if leaves and underleaves entire or subentire), the teeth larger than those of leaves and underleaves; coelocaule-precursor present, distinct, the bracts and bracteoles + 1 or more gyres of leaves and underleaves becoming elevated on the coelocaule-precursor and inserted on it. Perianth arising from the coelocaule-precursor, trigonous above, not or at most moderately narrowing to the wide and open, distinctly dentate to ciliate mouth, the armature at times setose.

Seta with 10–20 outer cells surrounding 16–32 internal cells (Schuster, 2000a). Capsule ovoid-ellipsoidal, the wall 3–5-layered; outer layer of cells markedly large, hyaline, with weak or small nodular thickenings or with thickenings absent (except along the valve margins); innermost layer of cells with semiannular bands, the bands complete or incomplete.

Spores punctate or minutely vermiculate or weakly verruculose, 1–2× the elaters in diam. Elaters tortuous, short, bispiral, the spirals narrow.

Key to Species

Leaf lobes narrow, ± gradually tapered into the uniseriate distal portions (or lobes uniseriate to base); cells of uniseriate row (if any) usually striolate like laminar cells, not normally exceeding 3–5× longer than wide (under 85[95] µm long); branching variable: with some Frullania -type branching, but usually some or many branches ventral-intercalary, rarely lateral-intercalary, with Microlepidozia - or Acromastigum -type branches occasional; leaf insertion nearly or quite transverse, the orientation subtransverse; underleaves (0.5)0.6–0.9(1)× the leaves in area

Leaf lobes ± broadly acute at base, each abruptly narrowed into a highly differentiated, elongated, setose uniseriate distal portion; cells of uniseriate row usually smooth, strongly elongated (to 100–135 µm long); branching not variable: either all or most branches of the Frullania type, or some ventral-intercalary (never of Microlepidozia, Acromastigum or lateral-intercalary types). Leaf insertion usually distinctly succubous, rarely subtransverse, the orientation usually oblique; underleaves 0.35–0.7 the leaves in area

Mature leaves of sterile shoots with cilia (or teeth), if present at all, usually lying in plane of leaf; leaves 0.4–0.65(0.75) quadrifid, the disc usually (5)6–9 or more cells high; lobes of ♀ bracts (and subfloral leaves) each with 1–2 to 3–5 pairs of stiff teeth or cilia, the lobe apices formed of cells up to 2–4(6)× longer than wide. Juvenile (and sometimes mature) leaves often lacking cilia or marginal teeth, each leaf lobe with at most 1–2(3) pairs of cilia or teeth, each formed of 1–3(4) cells

Mature leaves of sterile and ♂ shoots (not gynoecial plants alone) at least in large part with cilia or teeth well developed at and near sinus bases and along margins of disc, the lower teeth of disc margins occasionally reflexed (occasionally enlarged to simulate accessory lobes), the cilia or teeth near sinus bases sharply reflexed or displaced, abaxially projecting, not lying in leaf plane; leaves usually (0.65)0.7–0.85 quadrifid (rarely trifid), the disc (2)3–5 cells high to (large forms) 5–6(8) cells high; lobes of ♀ bracts with numerous (to 7–8 pairs) cilia or spines, the lobe apices formed of cilia or setae 350 µm long or more (5–6 superposed cells or longer). Teeth of leaf lobes short, rigid, spine-like, abruptly tapering, not ciliiform, of (1)2–4(5) superposed cells, the cells subisodiametric; lobes (3)4–5 to 5–6(8) cells wide at base

T. quadripartitum (p. 158)

Leaves (and some underleaves) in large part appearing palmately 5–6-lobed, tending to produce a large, lobe-like tooth at one or both disc bases, the margins otherwise ± edentate, the lobes usually entire; leaves squarrose. Leaf lobes usually (2)3–6(11) cells broad at base, acuminate, ending in tips of (2)4–6(8) subisodiametric or slightly elongated cells; disc 5–8 cells high

T. quadripartitum (p. 158)

Leaves (3)4-lobed, never with large, lobe-like teeth or appendages of leaf bases (cilia of disc margins, if present, suprabasal and never lobe-like); leaves suberect to obliquely or widely patent, never squarrose

Leaves with disc margins edentate (except occasionally below gynoecia); leaves frequently bisbifid, with median sinus clearly deeper; leaf lobes blunt to acute but not acuminate, normally ending in a single cell or 2–4(5) superposed cells that are only slightly elongated (1–2.5:1); underleaves usually almost identical in size to lateral leaves; branches mostly ventral-intercalary

T. quadrifidum (p. 156)

Leaves with disc margins commonly bearing 1–4 slender, sharp, suprabasal cilia or teeth; leaves not bisbifid, the sinuses equal; leaf lobes acuminate, ending in cilia of 3–5 to 7–8 superposed cells that are, in part, elongated (ca. 2.5–5:1); underleaves clearly smaller than lateral leaves; branches of Frullania and ventral-intercalary types

T. palmatum (p. 161)

Plants vigorous, 2.2–3.5 mm wide on sterile shoots; leaves imbricate, nearly covering stem (dorsal view), bearing (30)35–55 cilia or more; leaf lobes usually with (2)3–4(5–6) pairs of cilia; disc 12–16 cells high; cilia stiff, straight, those of disc margins never reflexed; perianth mouth cilia to 550–700 µm long; branches all of the Frullania type

T. pulchellum (p. 151)

Plants small or medium in size, 1.2–1.9 mm wide; leaves distant or contiguous and allowing much of stem exposed, with (6)10–24 cilia, near gynoecia to 24–35(45) cilia; leaf lobes (sterile leaves) with 0–2 pairs of cilia; disc usually (5)6–12 cells high; cilia in part tortuous or recurved (at least the lowermost); perianth mouth cilia 175–450 µm long; some or most branches ventral-intercalary

Leaf lamina strongly asymmetric, oblique, longer than wide, very unequally 4-fid; dorsal lobe small or obsolete, only 2–5 cells wide × 1–2 cells long, the other lobes also often small; lamina on mature leaves (5)6–8(9) cells high; cilia very long (to 800–835 µm) in relation to lamina, particularly on juvenile leaves, even on mature leaves longer cilia exceeding lamina in length; leaves rather concave adaxially, the cilia obliquely erect or ascending

T. angustifolium (p. 155)

Leaf lamina essentially symmetrically obdeltoid to reniform-obtrapezoidal, wider than long (to apex of longest lobe), ± symmetrically 4-fid; lobes (mature leaves) triangular, (7)8–13 cells broad at base; lamina on mature leaves (8)9–11(13) cells high; cilia moderately long, the terminal cilia of mature leaves not longer than length of lamina (to lobe tip); leaves nearly flat, both lamina and cilia widely patent. Mature leaves ± reniform, usually strongly succubous

T. paucisetigerum (p. 154)

All but two of the Temnoma species are southern temperate–subantarctic in range; the exceptions are T. chaetophyllum R.M.Schust., a species occurring at high elevations of Venezuela and Colombia (Schuster, 1978; Gradstein et al., 2001), and T. setigerum (Lindenb.) R.M.Schust., of New Caledonia, New Guinea, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Java, Philippines to Taiwan, Hawaii (Schuster, 1966a, 2000a; Piippo, 1984).

Two species occur in southern South America, Temnoma pilosum (A.Evans) R.M.Schust. and T. quadripartitum (Hook.) Mitt., an amphi-Pacific temperate species that is also present in New Zealand (see Schuster, 1967a; Hässel and Solari, 1976; Engel, 1978). Hässel and Solari (1976) recognized a third species, T. subintegrum Fulford, which was placed in the synonymy of T. quadripartitum var. randii (S.W.Arnell) R.M.Schust. by Schuster (1966a) and Engel (1978).

Six of the 11 known species occur in New Zealand and most are endemic there.

References: Hodgson and Allison (1962; rev.); Schuster (1967a, rev.; 2000a).

The following key and treatment of taxa are adapted, with considerable modification, from Schuster (1967a).

Temnoma Mitt.

Key to Species

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