Flora of New Zealand Series

SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS

In this synopsis, families and genera, indigenous in and adventive to New Zealand are listed, and for each genus the number of species recognised in this country is given. For adventive spp. the number is preceded by*; when a genus contains both native and adventive spp. the number of native spp. is cited first, followed by the number of adventive spp., e.g. Carex 73, *22.

The sequence of families follows, with some exceptions, that of Hutchinson in The Families of Flowering Plants II, ed. 2, 1959.

• CLASS MONOCOTYLEDONES 
• • Embryonic plant with 1 cotyledon. Plants herbaceous to woody. Vascular bundles of stem usually scattered (in cross-section). Leaves mainly with longitudinal venation. Flowers mostly trimerous.
  • BUTOMALES. 
  • • Fresh-water or marine perennials. Leaves basal or cauline, alternate to whorled. Flowers showy, to small and minute, bisexual or unisexual. Perianth-segments in 2 whorls, outer usually sepaloid, inner petaloid or 0. Stamens many–3. Carpels free, superior, or ovary inferior.
    • BUTOMACEAE: 
    • • Hydrocleys *1.
    • HYDROCHARITACEAE: 
    • • Egeria *1; Elodea *1; Lagarosiphon *1; Ottelia *1.
  • ALISMATALES. 
  • • Marsh or aquatic, rarely saprophytic, annual or perennial rhizomatous herbs of fresh or brackish water Leaves basal. Flowers bracteate, of medium size to very minute, bisexual or unisexual. Perianth-segments in 2 whorls, outer usually sepaloid, inner petaloid or 0. Stamens many–3. Carpels free or connate at base, superior.
    • ALISMATACEAE: 
    • • Alisma *2.
  • JUNCAGINALES. 
  • • Annual or perennial rhizomatous marsh herbs. Leaves mostly basal with open sheaths. Flowers small, bisexual to unisexual in ebracteate racemes or spikes, Perianth-segments 6 or 3. Stamens 6–1 on very short filaments. Carpels 6–1, free or connate, superior.
    • JUNCAGINACEAE: 
    • • Triglochin 2.
  • APONOGETONALES: 
  • • Fresh-water or marine rhizomatous perennials, Leaves oblong to linear, sheathing at base. Flowers small, bisexual or unisexual in secund, simple or divergent ebracteate spikes, free or ± enclosed in leaf-sheath. Perianth-segments 3–1, or 0. Stamens 1–6 or more. Carpels 3–6, free, or ovary 1, superior.
    • APONOGETONACEAE: 
    • • Aponogeton *1.
    • ZOSTERACEAE: 
    • • Zostera 2.
  • POTAMOGETONALES. 
  • • Fresh-water or marine rhizomatous perennials. Leaves linear to orbicular; sheath often ligule-like above. Flowers small, bisexual or unisexual, flowers in spikes or solitary, ebracteate. Perianth-segments 3–4 or 0. Stamens 4–1; filaments very short; anthers 2-locular. Carpels free or 1. Fruit indehiscent.
    • POTAMOGETONACEAE: 
    • • Potamogeton 4, *1.
    • RUPPIACEAE: 
    • • Ruppia 2.
  • NAJADALES: 
  • • Fresh-water or marine submerged annuals or perennials. Leaves sheathing at base. Flowers minute, unisexual, solitary or grouped. Perianth of small scales or 0. Stamens 1–3, anthers mostly sessile, 1–4-locular. Carpels free or 1; ovule 1. Fruit indehiscent.
    • ZANNICHELIJACEAE: 
    • • Lepilaena 1; Zannichellia 1.
  • COMMELINALES. 
  • • Terrestrial or rarely aquatic herbs. Leaves with closed sheath or rarely not sheathing. Flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic, mostly bisexual, often showy, in cymes or panicles, rarely solitary. Perianth in 2 whorls, outer green, sepaloid, inner of 3 often clawed, mostly free petals. Stamens 6 or 3. Ovary superior; placentae axile or parietal. Fruit a capsule or berry.
    • COMMELINACEAE: 
    • • Tradescantia *1.
  • ZINGIBERALES: 
  • • Rhizomatous herbs. Leaves spirally arranged or distichous; sheath open or rarely closed. Perianth of calyx and corolla in separate whorls, usually inconspicuous. Stamens 5–6, or 1 with remainder transformed into petaloid staminodia. Ovary inferior. Fruit a capsule, or fleshy and indehiscent.
    • ZINGIBERACEAE: 
    • • Hedychium *2.
    • CANNACEAE: 
    • • Canna. *1
  • LILIALES. 
  • • Herbs with rhizomes, corms or bulbs. Leaves basal or cauline, occasionally reduced. Flowers usually bisexual, sometimes large and brightly coloured. Perianth almost or quite actinomorphic, mostly petaloid. Stamens usually 6, opposite perianth-segments. Ovary superior, occasionally semi-inferior, usually 3-locular with axile placentae. Fruit a capsule or berry.
    • LILIACEAE. 
    • • A.
      • • Inflorescence a raceme or panicle, or flowers solitary or in small clusters
        • 1.
        • • Plant rhizomatous, or tufted, or ± tuberous
          • (a)
          • • Fruit a capsule:
            • Aloe *1; Arthropodium 2; Asphodelus *1; Bulbinella 6; Hemerocallis *1; Herpolirion 1; Xeronema 1.
          • (b)
          • • Fruit a berry:
            • Asparagus *4; Astelia 13; Collospermum 2; Dianella 1; Polygonatum *1.
        • 2.
        • • Plant bulbous or cormous:
          • Colchicum *1; Ipheion *1; Iphigenia 1; Lilium *2; Muscari *1; Ornithogalum *1; Scilla *2.
      • B.
      • • Inflorescence an umbel:
        • Agapanthus *1; Allium *4; Nothoscordum *1.
    • PONTEDERIACEAE: 
    • • Eichhornia *1.
    • SMILACACEAE: 
    • • Ripogonum 1.
  • ALSTROEMERAIALES: 
  • • Rhizomatous herbs, shrubs or climbers. Leaves alternate, linear to ovate; petiole sometimes twisted to reverse surfaces. Flowers bisexual, solitary or clustered, often showy. Perianth almost or quite actinomorphic, segments 6, all or 5 similar, free or partly connate. Stamens 6, free or partly connate. Ovary superior or usually inferior, 3-locular with axile placentae or 1-locular with parietal placentae. Fruit a capsule or berry.
    • ALSTROEMERIACEAE: 
    • • Alstroemeria *2.
    • PHILESIACEAE: 
    • • Luzuriaga 1.
  • AGAVALES: 
  • • Perennials with thick, sometimes trunk-like stems. Leaves usually crowded at base or apex, often large. Flowers bisexual to unisexual, bracteate, often small and in panicles. Perianth dry to fleshy; segments ± similar. Stamens 6, anthers 2-locular. Ovary superior or inferior, 3- or 1-locular; placentae axile or parietal. Fruit a capsule or berry.
    • AGAVACEAE: 
    • • Agave *1; Cordyline 5, *1; Furcraea *1; Phormium 2.
  • AMARYLLIDALES: 
  • • Scapose herbs with basal, usually linear leaves and tunicate bulb. Flowers mostly showy, umbellate or rarely solitary, subtended by an involucre of (1)–2 or more, usually membranous bracts. Stamens usually 6. Ovary inferior, usually 3-locular with axile placentae. Fruit a capsule or berry.
    • AMARYLLIDACEAE: 
    • • Amaryllis *1; Leucojum *1; Narcissus *5.
  • ARALES: 
  • • Herbs, rarely woody or climbing or aquatic. Leaves crowded, alternate or absent. Flowers very small, bisexual or unisexual, usually on a spadix ± enclosed in a large spathe. Perianth small or 0. Stamens free or connate. Ovary superior. Fruit usually a berry.
    • ARACEAE: 
    • • Alocasia *1; Arum *1; Colocasia *1; Dracunculus *1; Zantedeschia *1.
    • LEMNACEAE: 
    • • Lemna 1; Spirodela *1; Wolffia 1.
  • JUNCALES. 
  • • Perennial or annual herbs. Leaves narrow, often grass-like, or terete, or thread-like, sheathing or rarely non-sheathing, or reduced to sheaths only. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, mostly wind-pollinated. Perianth actinomorphic in 2 whorls of 6–3 glumaceous tepals, or absent. Stamens 6, or 3–1. Ovary superior, 1–3-locular; ovules 1–many. Fruit a capsule or nut.
    • JUNCACEAE: 
    • • Juncus 16, *31; Luzula 12, *4; Marsippospermum 1; Rostkovia 1.
    • CENTROLEPIDACEAE: 
    • • Centrolepis 3, *1; Gaimardia 1.
    • HYDATELLACEAE: 
    • • Hydatella 1.
    • RESTIONACEAE: 
    • • Empodisma 1; Leptocarpus 1; Sporadanthus 1.
  • TYPHALES: 
  • • Rhizomatous aquatic or marsh herbs. Leaves long-linear, sheathing at base. Flowers very small or minute, unisexual, in crowded clusters or dense spikes. Perianth much reduced. Stamens 2 or more. Ovary 1-locular; ovule 1.
    • SPARGANIACEAE: 
    • • Sparganium 1.
    • TYPHACEAE: 
    • • Typha 1.
  • IRIDALES: 
  • • Herbs with rhizomes, corms or bulbs. Leaves crowded near base, linear, flattened at sides, sheathing and equitant at base. Flowers usually bisexual, often showy. Perianth actinomorphic or zygomorphic, petaloid. Stamens 3, opposite outer perianth-segments. Ovary inferior, 1- or 3-locular; style-arms often divided, sometimes petaloid; ovules usually many. Fruit a capsule.
    • IRIDACEAE 
    • • A.
      • • Rhizomatous, usually evergreen, or tufted:
        • Aristea *1; Dierama *1; Iris *5; Libertia 4; Schizostylis *1; Sisyrinchium *4.
      • B.
      • • Cormous, summer-green:
        • Babiana *1; Chasmanthe *2; Crocosmia *2; Freesia *1; Gladiolus *2; Homeria *1; Ixia *2; Romulea *1; Sparaxis *2; Tritonia *2; Watsonia *4.
  • PALMALES: 
  • • Plants soft to tall, and woody, sometimes climbing. Leaves often very, large, entire, or pinnately or digitately divided; rhachis often expanded at base into fibrous sheath. Flowers small, bisexual to unisexual, actinomorphic, mostly in panicles and usually enclosed in large spathes. Perianth in 2 whorls. Stamens usually 6. Ovary superior; carpels free or united; ovule solitary. Fruit a drupe or berry.
    • PALMAE: 
    • • Livistona *1; Phoenix *1; Rhopalostylis 2; Trachycarpus *1.
  • PANDANALES: 
  • • Trees, or shrubs, often with aerial roots; dioecious. Leaves mostly crowded towards top of stem, linear, sheathing at base, often spinulose. Flowers minute, in panicles or spadix-like inflorescences with large bracts. Perianth rudimentary or 0. Stamens many; filaments free or connate. Ovary superior, adjacent ovaries sometimes connate in groups; ovules 1–many. Fruit woody, or a berry. Seeds minute.
    • PANDANACEAE: 
    • • Freycinetia 1.
  • HAEMODORALES: 
  • • Mostly herbs, some trees or shrubs, usually rhizomatous, or cormous. Leaves usually entire, often all basal, often hairy. Flowers bisexual, solitary or in panicles. Perianth-segments in 1 or 2 whorls, usually connate in tube. Stamens many to 6, or occasionally 3, free or in bundles. Ovary superior or inferior, 3-or 1-locular, placentae axile or parietal.
    • HAEMODORACEAE.: 
    • • Wachendorfia *1.
    • HYPOXIDACEAE: 
    • • Hypoxis *1.
  • BURMANNIALES: 
  • • Small herbs, often saprophytes. Leaves usually reduced. Perianth tubular, actinomorphic or zygomorphic. Stamens 6 or 3. Ovary inferior, 1–3-locular; ovules very numerous Seeds very small.
    • BURMANNIACEAE.: 
    • • Thismia 1.
  • ORCHIDALES: 
  • • Perennial herbs with rhizomes or tuberous roots or rootstock. Leaves undivided, often fleshy. Flowers zygomorphic, mostly bisexual. Perianth in 2 whorls, all 6 segments petaloid or outer 3 more sepaloid; middle segment in each whorl usually different from other 2. Stamens 1 or 2; pollen granular or fused into masses. Ovary inferior, usually 1-locular with very numerous ovules; stigmas borne. with anthers, on a special structure, the column. Seeds minute.
    • ORCHIDACEAE: 
    • • Acianthus 3; Adenochilus 1; Aporostylis 1; Bulbophyllum 2; Caladenia 2; Caleana 1; Calochilus 3; Chiloglottis 2; Corybas 8; Cryptostylis 1; Dendrobium 1; Drymoanthus 1; Earina 2; Gastrodia 3; Lyperanthus 1; Microtis 3; Orthoceras 1; Prasophyllum 4; Pterostylis 19; Spiranthes 1; Thelymitra 12; Yoania 1.
  • CYPERALES: 
  • • Rhizomatous or tufted, perennial, rarely annual, herbs. Leaves linear, grass-like, sheathing, or reduced to sheaths only. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, each solitary within a glume-like bract. Perianth of scales, bristles or 0. Stamens 3–1. Ovary superior, 1-locular; ovule 1.
    • CYPERACEAE 
    • • A.
      • • Flowers all hermaphrodite; glumes all floriferous except lowest one
        • 1.
        • • Glumes distichous.
          • Cyperus 1, *13.
        • 2.
        • • Glumes spiral.
          • Desmoschoenus 1; Eleocharis 5; Fimbristylis 1; Scirpus 20; *6.
      • B.
      • • Flowers hermaphrodite and unisexual; only glumes in middle of spike floriferous.
        • Baumea 7; Carpha 1; Gahnia 6; Lepidosperma 3; Machaerina 1; Morelotia 1; Oreobolus 3; Schoenus 8; Tetraria 1.
      • C.
      • • Flowers all unisexual.
        • Carex 73, *22; Uncinia 32.