Flora of New Zealand Series

≡Lecanora perrugosa Nyl., Flora 48: 338 (1865).

≡Squamaria perrugosa (Nyl.) Nyl. in C. Knight, Trans. N. Z. Inst. 7: 363 (1875).

≡Placodium perrugosum (Nyl.) Müll.Arg., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 21: 40 (1889).

=Squamaria thaumasta Stirt., Rep. Trans. Glasgow Soc. Field Nat. 1: 17 (1873).

≡Placodium thaumastum (Stirt.) Müll.Arg., Bull. Herb. Boissier 2, App. 1: 47 (1894).

=Lecanora (Eulecanora) endorhodea Zahlbr., Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien math.-naturwiss. Kl. 104: 344 (1941).

Holotype: New Zealand. Otago "The Bluff Greenisland Peninsula, [= Black Head] Dunedin, on columnar basalt, October 1861", W. Lauder Lindsay – H-NYL 23872.

Squamaria thaumasta. Holotype: New Zealand. Near Wellington, J. Buchanan – GLAM. Isotypes – BM, WELT L 1903, 2037, 6376.

Lecanora endorhodea. Holotype: New Zealand. South I., Marlborough, Mt Tapuaenuku, c. 1900 m on rock, J.S. ThomsonT1521 [ZA 9] – W. Isotype – CHR 523679 [this specimen was erroneously designated as lectotype fide Galloway (2001a: 59)].

Description : Flora (1985: 405–406).

Chemistry : Gyrophoric acid (major) and lecanoric acid (minor) (Hertel & Leuckert 1969).

N: Northland (Warawara Ra., Kawerua, Mt Tutamoe, Great Barrier I.), Auckland (Rangitoto I., Takapuna), South Auckland (Coromandel Peninsula, Te Aroha), Hawke's Bay (Puketitiri), Wellington (Mt Ruapehu, Ohakune, Ruahine Ra., Tararua Ra.). S: Nelson (Mt Arthur, St Arnaud Ra.), Westland (Buller River, Kelly's Creek, Fox Glacier, Haast River), Marlborough (d'Urville I., Ship Cove, Mt Fyffe), Canterbury (Arthur's Pass, Waimakariri River, Cass, Craigieburn Ra., Torlesse Ra., Akaroa Banks Peninsula, Upper Godley Valley, Kea Point Mt Cook, Waihi Gorge, Lake Ohau), Otago (Huxley River, Makarora, Earnslaw Burn, Forgotten River, Mt Watkin, Harbour Cone Otago Peninsula, Swampy Hill, Maungatua, Taieri Mouth), Southland (Homer, Wapiti River, Spey River, Borland Saddle, Invercargill). St: (Oban Cemetery). Ch: (Te Awatapu slump). A: (Laurie Harbour). C: (Mt Lyall, Mt Dumas, Tucker Cove, Mt Fizeau, Mt Sorenson, Mt Honey). A widespread and often common species (the most commonly encountered species in New Zealand) spreading over rock faces, boulders, stones and pebbles, along river and stream banks, glacial moraines and roadside cuttings where native rock is exposed; rarely on decorticated wood impregnated with sand, occasionally on old rusty iron and commonly (though locally) on polished surfaces of tombstones in cemeteries, and locally common on margins of bitumen footpaths and roads, s.l. to 2000 m. Known also from Australia, Papua New Guinea, the Galapagos Is, southern South America, the Falkland Is and Tristan da Cunha (Lamb 1947; Aptroot & Sipman 1991; Filson 1996; Galloway 2002d; McCarthy 2003c, 2006).

Austral

Illustrations : Knight (1875: pl. XXIII, fig. 19A–C); Lamb (1947: pl. XIII, figs 40, 41); Galloway (1985a: fig. 6); Malcolm & Galloway (1997: 105); Lumbsch (1997b: 9, fig. 2B; 19, fig. 7B, D, G, H; 38, fig. 20); Johnson (2005: 30, fig. 1).

Placopsis perrugosa is characterised by: closely appressed thalli forming neat rosettes to irregularly spreading and coalescing patches 1–10 cm diam., occasionally more; marginal lobes that are discrete often furcate or divergent, flattened, not swollen, contiguous and ±inrolled as in P. brevilobata (q.v.), expanded, 2–5(–8) mm long and 1.5 mm wide, irregularly branched, rounded to somewhat cuneate at apices; an upper surface that is variable in colour, creamish, grey-green or grey-white, olive-brown, grey-brown to dark red-brown or brown-black, distinctively shallowly verrucose-papillate resembling snakeskin, especially towards margins, cracked, with cracks 0.2–0.3 mm wide separating angular areolae to 1.2 mm diam., centrally verruculose-areolate, verruculae crowded, hemispherical. to 0.5 mm diam., glossy rarely finely white-pruinose in parts, without isidia, or soredia; cephalodia that are scattered, sessile, flattened, suborbicular to 2.5 mm diam., or effigurate, radially cracked to 3 mm diam. or coalescing centrally to 5 mm diam., to warted-glomerulate and not effigurate to 3.5 mm diam, yellowish to red-brown, matt, not pruinose, containing Nostoc or Scytonema; apothecia that are scattered, to crowded, sessile to subpedicellate, rounded 0.5–1.5 mm diam.; with a thalline margin that is prominent, persistent, entire, smooth to glossy; discs that are plane, pink- or red-brown to dark-brown to ±black, matt, epruinose; an epithecium that is yellow-brown, and 15–20 μm thick; a colourless hymenium, 100–200 μm tall; ellipsoidal ascospores (13–)15–18(–21.5) × 7–9(–9.5) μm; pycnidia immersed in thalline verrucae, ostioles punctiform, brown-black; and conidia that are thread-like, straight or curved, 18–24 × 0.5 μm. P. perrugosa is often parasitised by * Phaeospora perrugosaria (q.v.).