Glossary
GLOSSARY
abaxial: facing away from the axis or central axis (the opposite is adaxial).
accessory lobe: a large tooth that is nearly the size of the adjacent leaf lobes, usually on the leaf or underleaf disc margin (e.g., Kurzia hippuroides, Fig. 79: 7).
Acromastigum-type branch: terminal branch that replaces half of an underleaf and originates from either half of a ventral merophyte segment (e.g., Acromastigum colensoanum, Fig. 87: 5).
aculeate (surface of spores, leaves, thallus): ornamentation one per cell, radially symmetric, no higher than wide, broadly attached and tapering to an acute apex; e.g., spores of Lepicolea attenuata (Fig. 6: 9).
acuminate: gradually terminating to a point; bounded by lines changing from straight or convex to concave and converging gradually to a point (e.g., Cuspidatula monodon, Fig. 159: 1).
adaxial: facing toward the axis or central axis (the opposite is abaxial).
alternate (arrangement of leaves): staggered on the two sides of a stem rather than exactly opposite each other (e.g., Solenostoma hodgsoniae, Fig. 153: 1). Cf. opposite.
amphi-Atlantic: occurring on land masses on both eastern and western sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
amphi-Pacific: occurring on land masses on both eastern and western sides of the Pacific Ocean.
amplexicaul (leaf base): clasping the stem (e.g., Diplophyllum verrucosum, Fig. 164: 3).
ampliate (margin): enlarged, outwardly curved; e.g., dorsal margin of Lepidozia setigera leaves.
ampliation: enlargement, especially of the margin of a leaf relative to the other margin.
anastomosing: a joined network like a system of blood vessels.
Andrewsianthus-type branch: lateral-intercalary branch arising from the dorsal-lateral side of the stem; the branch originates from the antical part of the lateral segment (the branch type is a generic character for the genus Andrewsianthus).
androecium (plural: androecia): site of male reproduction, including protective scales or leaves (bracts) and the antheridia (e.g., Telaranea inaequalis, Fig. 78: 15).
-androus: with antheridia, e.g., a 1–2-androus bract has either one or two antheridia.
anisophyllous (plants): having underleaves different in size and shape from the lateral leaves, always smaller. Cf. isophyllous.
antheridia (singular: antheridium): sacs in which the male sperm or spermatozoids develop. They are spherical or ellipsoidal, stalked, usually yellow or whitish, and usually found in the axils of male bracts—modified leaves that are usually smaller and more concave than vegetative leaves (e.g., Solenostoma hodgsoniae, Plate 13G).
antical: facing toward the apex of a plant. Usually used to refer to the margin of a (obliquely or longitudinally inserted) leaf that is nearest to the shoot apex. Cf. postical.
apical (of a plant, shoot, stem, leaf, etc.): at the end farthest from the base or point of attachment. Cf. basal.
apiculate: ending abruptly in a short, sharp tip (cuspidate is longer and stouter) (e.g., Diplophyllum domesticum, Fig. 167: 2).
appendiculate (margins): bearing small appendages, e.g., with laciniae.
appendiculi: appendages, such as laciniae, on a leaf or bract margin or at a leaf base.
appressed (leaves): flattened or pressed against the stem with no gap between the two. Cf. oblique, patent, subsquarrose, squarrose.
approximate/approximated (leaf arrangement): close together but not touching or overlapping.
arbuscules: much-branched, microscopic haustorial structures of glomeromycote fungal symbionts that form within the host plant’s cells. The interface between arbuscules and the plant plasma membrane is the main site of exchange of nutrients and growth-regulating chemicals (e.g., Fig. 2a).
archegonium (plural: archegonia): flask-shaped structure in the gynoecium consisting of a long neck and a venter that holds the egg. When the egg is fertilized, it develops it into the embryonic sporophyte.
arcuate: curved like a bow.
area apicularis: the part of a leaf directly below the apex, especially where the cells differ from those in the middle or basal portion.
area basalis: the base of a leaf, especially when the cells differ from those in the rest of the leaf.
areolate (spores): an angular or polyhedral space marked on a surface by ridges and forming a network (e.g., Telaranea spp., Riccia spp.).
areolation (leaves): the cellular network of a leaf or thallus; usually in reference to a pattern.
armature: collective term for projections from leaf, stem or thallus surfaces.
armed: with projections from the leaf, stem or thallus surface.
ascomycete: a member of the fungal division Ascomycota that produce spores in a sac called an ascus. The fungal partner of most lichens is an ascomycete.
asexual reproduction: a means of establishing new plants without the usual meiosis or fusion of gametes, using parts that break off the parent plant. For example, leaf lobes can fragment easily in some species, or specialized cells or groups of cells (gemmae) develop on leaf margins, or on leaf or thallus surfaces (e.g., leaf lobe fragmentation in Lepidozia fugax, Fig. 39: 1, 4, 5; entire leaves of Bazzania nova, Fig. 99: 6).
asperulate: with a finely roughened texture, with tiny orbicular to short linear markings, lending a speckled appearance, e.g., Cryptochila grandiflora.
assurgent: pointing upward, or slanting upward.
athecal: without a collar or sheath of tissue; said of branches with an exogenous origin, e.g., Frullania -type terminal branching.
attenuate (of stems, shoots or leaf lobes): tapering gradually toward the apex (e.g., Lepidozia acantha, Fig. 41: 7).
auriculate (leaves, underleaves): with an ear-like appendage; usually present at the leaf or underleaf base (e.g., Lepidozia glaucophylla, Fig. 47: 3, 4).
Austral: used synonymously with south temperate–subantarctic. Cf. south temperate.
autoecious (noun: autoecy): producing androecia and gynoecia on the same plant (a type of monoecy) but on different branches (e.g., Lophozia monoica, Fig. 141: 1). Cf. paroecious.
awn: an abrupt, stiff, straight, subulate, hair-like point of various lengths.
axenic (culture): free of contaminating organisms, a pure culture of a single species.
axis: main stem of a leafy plant. Less often as the imaginary, longitudinal line that runs the length of a stem or shoot, or that divides a structure such as a leaf into more or less equal halves.
baculate (surface of spores, leaves): ornamentation at least 1.5× longer than wide, typically cylindrical, rod-shaped, e.g., on the leaf surface of Acrobolbus cinerascens, the spore surface of Herbertus oldfieldianus (Fig. 12: 7). A single rod-shaped ornament is a baculum (plural bacula).
basal: at the base (of a plant, stem, shoot, leaf, etc.) Cf. apical.
basidiomycete: a member of the fungal division Basidiomycota that includes species that produce spores in a sac called a basidium, and includes gilled fungi.
basiscopic: at or near the base of a structure.
basitonic: branching particularly well developed near the base of the stem or innovation.
bifid: divided in two, the parts not necessarily equal in size (e.g., leaves of Telaranea inaequalis, Fig. 78: 4).
bifurcate: divided in two, equally (e.g., leaves of Telaranea quinquespina, Fig. 74: 6).
bilabiate: shallowly divided into two lip-like lobes (e.g., the perianth summit of Leptoscyphus).
bilaterally flattened, compressed: flattened so as to appear widest when viewed from the side, e.g., perianths of Leptoscyphus. Cf. dorsiventrally flattened.
bipinnate (branching): with both primary and secondary axes pinnate; having pinnae that themselves have short side branches (e.g., Lepidozia spinosissima, Fig. 29: 1 and Plate 6C).
bipolar: found in temperate to Arctic regions in the north and in Antipodal regions, but not between.
bisbifid: divided into four lobes with the middle sinus deeper than the outer two sinuses (e.g., leaves of Lepicolea scolopendra, Fig. 7: 7).
biseriate: of cells arranged in two vertical rows; applied to a condition of antherial stalks or of protracted leaf or underleaf lobes (e.g., antheridial stalk of Anthelia juratzkana, Fig. 125: 11).
bisexual: with both sexes represented on one plant, i.e., monoecious.
bispiral (elaters): with two spiraled thickening bands (e.g., Chandonanthus squarrosus, Fig. 139: 6).
bistratose: composed of two layers of cells (e.g., capsule walls of Telaranea herzogii, Fig. 76: 7; leaves of Anthelia juratzkana, Fig. 125: 5, 6).
boreal: the circumpolar bioclimatic zone of the Northern Hemisphere, especially in reference to the zone with coniferous forests.
botryoidal (oil-bodies): like a cluster of grapes (see p. 46: F–H).
bract: a modified leaf that is associated with a site of reproduction, whether it be the gynoecium or androecium (e.g., Herbertus oldfieldianus, Fig. 11: 3).
bracteole: a modified underleaf that is associated with a site of reproduction (e.g., Herbertus oldfieldianus, Fig. 11: 1).
bractlet: very small bracts sometimes found next to the perianth; they are smaller than normal bracts or bracteoles.
branch half-leaf: the half of a leaf that remains when a terminal branch forms from the half of the lateral-merophyte in place of the other half of the leaf in Frullania- and Microlepidozia -type branching (e.g., Telaranea tridactylis, Fig. 53: 1). It is positioned at the branch junction.
caducous: breaking off; usually in reference to leaf tips or entire leaves, which may serve as vegetative propagules (e.g., leaf lobes of Telaranea tuberifera, Fig. 64: 5, 7; leaves of Bazzania nova, Fig. 99: 6).
caespitose: tufted; plants grouped and growing in cushions or tufts.
calyptra: a thin sheath that covers the developing sporophyte (capsule and seta) that is formed from the archegonial venter and neck subsequent to fertilization, rupturing distally by protrusion of the sporophyte and remaining near the base of the seta (e.g., Pseudomarsupidium piliferum, Fig. 130: 1).
canaliculate (leaves, bracts): channeled, the channel with a rounded (not a sharp) keel (e.g., Blepharidophyllum vertebrale, Fig. 174: 3).
capitate: knob-like.
capsule: a spherical, ellipsoidal or linear sporangium or sac that contains spores (e.g., Chandonanthus squarrosus, Fig. 139: 1). It is usually deep reddish brown when ripe, on a transparent or white fragile stalk.
castaneous: chestnut colored, a yellow-brown color.
caudate (lobes at leaf or underleaf apex or at perianth mouth): markedly acuminated, so that the point is elongated, like the tail of a mammal.
caudex (plural: caudices): tree-fern trunk.
cell lumen: see lumen.
ceraceous: the color of beeswax, a golden color.
cernuous: nodding or drooping.
chiloscyphoid: resembling Chiloscyphus, i.e., prostrate with succubous leaves that are usually bifid but otherwise untoothed.
chlorophyllous: cells or tissue containing chlorophyll and therefore appearing green.
chloroplast: the organelle inside the plant cell in which photosynthesis takes place. In the liverworts, chloroplasts are green, spherical, about 5 µm in diameter, and are without any discernible texture; they occur in numbers of about 10–20 per cell (e.g., Trichotemnoma corrugatum, Fig. 124: 3).
cilia (singular: cilium): single-celled or multi-celled fine hairs, often comprised of elongated cells; in Jungermanniales at the margin or summit of leaf or underleaf lamina or at perianth mouth (e.g., Clandarium xiphophyllum, Fig. 172: 4).
ciliate: fringed with fine hairs resembling the eyelash. Cf. laciniate.
cladia (singular: cladium): small branches that break off, acting as a form of asexual reproduction (q.v.).
clavate: club-shaped, elongate and widest near the apex.
cleared: tissue treated with a chemical agent that destroys pigments.
cnemis: an elongated convex fold resulting from decurving of the dorsal margin of a leaf, most notably in many Plagiochila species.
cochleariform: concave like a spoon, spoon-like.
coelocaule: a specialized shoot calyptra characterized by extreme axial proliferation and elongation simulating complete penetration of the sporophyte into the shoot apex and serving as a sporophyte protective device; associated with complete absence of a perianth (e.g., Lepicolea) or with incomplete or complete fusion of bracts and bracteole (e.g., Trichocolea mollissima, Fig. 26: 2; Leiomitra lanata, Fig. 23: 2) or with a low perianth at the summit of the coelocaule (e.g., Pachyschistochila subhyalina, cf. Schuster and Engel, 1985, fig. 67: 16).
collenchymatous: with cell walls thickened at the angles, i.e., with trigones.
complanate (shoot, branch): flattened into one plane.
conchiform: shaped like a shell (e.g., leaves of Isolembidium anomalum, Fig. 111: 2).
conduplicate: leaves that are folded so sharply that both halves lie in the same plane.
conduplicate-bilobed: with the lobes sharply folded together, the dorsal lobe lying over the ventral lobe or lobule, the fold rounded or keeled (e.g., Diplophyllum verrucosum, Fig. 164: 4).
confluent (trigones): merging, adjacent trigones not separated by a thin-walled portion of the cell wall.
connate (of an underleaf and adjacent lateral leaf or of opposing leaves fused dorsally): joined by a bridge of leafy tissue. Connate on one side indicates that an underleaf is joined to one adjacent, lateral leaf; connate on both sides indicates that it is joined to both adjacent, lateral leaves (e.g., Bazzania novae-zelandiae, Fig. 98: 9).
connivent: converging or pointed toward one another but not fused; usually referring to leaf lobes oriented toward one another (e.g., Anastrophyllum schismoides, Fig. 147: 9).
contiguous (leaves): touching but not overlapping.
convolute (leaves or bracts): rolled up, producing a spiral in cross section, either individually or one within another.
cordate (of leaves or perianths): heart-shaped (in the sense of playing cards); said of leaf shape that is rounded at base near insertion; or with reference to an appendage at the apex of a perianth.
cortex: outer layer of cells of the stem, often thick-walled to stiffen the stem. Cf. medulla.
corticolous: growing on bark of trees or shrubs.
cosmopolitan: distributed throughout the world.
crenate (margin): having rounded teeth, scalloped.
crenulate (margin): having small rounded teeth; finely scalloped.
crescentic (oil-bodies): narrowly ellipsoidal and curved, having the figure of a crescent.
crispate (leaf margin): strongly and irregularly wavy, excessively undulate; curled, twisted.
cucullate: hooded at the apex and hood-shaped.
cuneate: wedge-shaped.
cuneiform: shaped like a narrow, upside-down triangle, narrowly obtriangular.
cupulate: resembling a small cup.
cuspidate: ending abruptly in a stout rigid point (cf. apiculate).
cuticle: a term often used for the outer leaf cell surface of liverworts, but since the cell walls are not cutinized in liverworts, i.e., they lack a waxy layer, this term is not used here.
decolorate: unpigmented, hyaline.
decorticated: of a dead tree trunk or branch from which the bark has decayed and fallen away.
decurrent (leaf base): extending in an angular, usually narrow strip of tissue along the stem (e.g., Calypogeia sphagnicola, Fig. 121: 4).
deflexed: curved downward.
dehisce (capsule): to break apart, to open, especially along regular lines of weakness (e.g., Metahygrobiella drucei, Fig. 127: 1).
dehiscence: manner of splitting open of a capsule.
dendroid/dendritic: tree-like in structure, i.e., with an erect trunk-like main stem with branches mostly confined to the upper part of the plant (e.g., Isolembidium anomalum, Fig. 111: 1).
dentate (lamina, bract/bracteole margin): toothed, the teeth not angled.
denticulate (lamina, bract/bracteole margin): finely toothed.
determinate (branch or axis): limited in extent, especially used here in reference to growth in the sterile condition; also used in reference to a gynoecium or androecium terminating an axis and preventing its further extension.
diad (spores): a pair of spores joined on a single inner face.
dichotomous branching: terminal branching in which both branches are at an equal angle to the stem or thallus below; they are often also of subequal length (e.g., Bazzania hochstetteri, Fig. 97: 6).
dimorphic: occurring in two forms, e.g., leaf cells, oil-bodies.
dioecious (noun: dioecy): producing antheridia and archegonia on separate plants (e.g., Bazzania adnexa, Fig. 95: 3 and 7 showing male and female plants respectively). Usually constant for a species. Most liverworts are dioecious. The opposite state is monoecious.
disc (of a lobed leaf): the undivided part of the leaf below the lobes, akin to the palm of the hand below the fingers.
distal: toward the apical part of a shoot or leaf. Cf. proximal.
distant (leaves): not touching or overlapping those adjacent on the same side of the stem; clearly separated from each other. Cf. remote, contiguous.
distichous (leaves): arranged in two ranks on opposite sides of a stem. Usually used in leafy liverworts to refer to the leaf arrangement in those taxa with underleaves reduced or lacking.
divergent: spreading from each other, e.g., of leaf or underleaf lobes spreading from one each rather than parallel to one another (e.g., Bazzania monilinervis, Fig. 102: 6).
dolipore septum: the characteristic septum of basidiomycete hypha comprising a barrel-shaped structure around a central pore (Fig. 3c).
dorsal: upper aspect of a prostrate shoot. Cf. ventral.
dorsally assurgent (leaves): curved upward, the bulk of leaf lamina lies above the dorsal stem surface. Note: such leaves are usually also vertical or subvertical, although not necessarily so (e.g., Tritomaria exsecta, Fig. 145: 1).
dorsiventrally flattened or compressed: flattened so as to be widest when viewed from above or below; e.g., perianths of Radula. Cf. bilaterally flattened.
ecarinate: without a keel.
echlorophyllose: without chlorophyll; used in reference to an area of leaf (usually a border) composed of non-living cells; the area is commonly hyaline (e.g., Herzogobryum teres, Plate 16B).
elater: elongate cell resembling coiled springs which are present in almost all liverwort and hornwort capsules, mixed with the spores (e.g., Chandonanthus squarrosus, Fig. 139: 6). Elaters help to eject the spores from the capsule by a hygroscopic action.
emarginate: having a notch at the apex, indented with an acute sinus; cf. retuse in which the sinus is rounded.
emergent (perianth, capsule): partially exposed; referring to perianth or capsule only partly visible beyond the tips of gynoecial bracts or perianth mouth, respectively (e.g., Diplophyllum dioicum, Fig. 166: 10). Cf. exserted.
endemic: confined to a limited geographical or floristic area.
endogenous: originating from internal rather than superficial cells or tissues, e.g., of endogenous branches derived from subcortical cells.
entally displaced (hyaline papilla in Lejeuneaceae): situated on the interior surface of the lobule rather than on the lobule margin, so that it can be seen clearly only by dissecting the lobule.
entire (margin): lacking any teeth, indentations or erosions, ± smooth (but an entire-margined leaf may be lobed as in the leaves of Herbertus oldfieldianus, Fig. 11: 2).
ephemeral: short-lived.
epiphyll (epiphyllic): growing on leaves, fern fronds or moss leaves.
epiphyte (epiphytic): growing on bark, i.e. the trunk, branches or twigs of trees and shrubs.
eplicate: without plicae (q.v.).
erect: of shoots oriented perpendicularly to substrate or to a horizontal stem; of leaves when apex is directed nearly to the shoot apex.
erose: irregularly notched or ragged, indented; as if gnawed.
etiolated: as if grown in the dark, pale with stems and small distant leaves.
exogenous: originating from external cells or parts of cells; of a terminal branch potentially originating from a cortical cell (especially in Calobryales); of a gemma budded off from a leaf cell.
explanate: flattened, usually in reference to a lobule (especially in Frullania) that has not developed into a sac but appears as a flat leaf lobe.
exserted (perianth, capsule): completely visible beyond the gynoecial bracts (e.g., the perianth of Jamesoniella colorata in Fig. 157: 8), or lifted beyond perianth mouth (capsule).
falcate: shaped like a sickle (e.g., leaves of Herbertus oldfieldianus, Fig. 11: 2).
fascicle (rhizoids): bundle, bunched together (e.g., Bazzania monilinervis, Fig. 102: 8).
fenestrae (singular: fenestra): literally windows, clear gaps between a network of opaque thickenings of capsule wall cells; may result from branching and anastomosing of semiannular bands.
fertile: with archegonia, antheridia or perianths present.
-fid: a suffix denoting a division, e.g., 2-fid: divided in two, 3-fid: divided in three; usually referring to the number of lobes of a leaf or underleaf.
fimbriolate: with a fine fringe of hairs or teeth (diminutive of fimbriate).
first branch underleaf: the first underleaf to form on a terminal branch (cf. first branch leaf); it may be undivided (Lepidozia acantha, Fig. 41: 3) or variously lobed (Lepidozia pumila, Fig. 42: 2).
flaccid: soft, limp.
flagellae: thin, whip-like ventral-intercalary branches that are microphyllous and geotropic, commonly seen in Lepidoziaceae.
flagelliform: of a leafy main shoot or branch that becomes attenuated and bears small and remote leaves distally (microphyllous).
foliose: leafy or leaf-like, e.g., a foliose (rather than spicate) androecium.
foot: base of sporophyte embedded in the gametophyte (e.g., Trichotemnoma corrugatum, Fig. 124: 7).
Frullania-type branch: terminal branch replacing the postical half of a lateral leaf, and originating from the ventral half of a lateral merophyte segment; the remaining half-leaf is dorsal (e.g., Telaranea lindenbergii var. papillata, Fig. 69: 1).
fungal lumps: structures formed by degenerating hyphae unique to Treubia and Haplomitrium (Fig. 4a–b).
furcate: forked.
fuscous: dark, dull brownish; dusky.
fusiform (oil-bodies, perianths): narrowly elliptical and tapering at both ends, spindle-shaped.
galeate: helmet-shaped.
gametangium: structure bearing gametes (e.g., antheridium, archegonium).
gametophyte: the gamete-producing generation of the liverwort or hornwort, including thallus, or stem and leaves, but also including parts surrounding and protecting the male and female sites of reproduction. Cf. sporophyte.
gemmae (singular: gemma): chlorophyllous vegetative propagules produced on the leaf surface or margin and which fall off and establish new plants (e.g., Jackiella curvata, Fig. 137: 11). They are usually spherical masses of cells that form as outgrowths from the leaf margin or surface; they also may form in chains.
gemmiferous: gemmae-bearing, as in the gemmiferous filaments of Diplophyllum gemmiparum.
gemmiparous: bearing gemmae.
geniculate: bent, like a bent knee.
geotropic (branches): usually in reference to stolons or microphyllous branches that grow downward, acting as roots to anchor the stems (e.g., Acromastigum verticale, Fig. 86: 1).
gibbous: bulging or swollen on one side.
glaucescent: having a somewhat glaucous appearance.
glaucous: having a white or grey waxy surface coating (e.g., Lepidozia digitata, Plate 5A).
glomeromycote: a member of the division Glomeromycota of the fungal kingdom that includes most of the fungi that form obligate symbiotic relationships with vascular plants and bryophytes.
-gonous (perianth): angled, e.g., 3–4-gonous = having three or four angles in cross section.
gutter: a distinct leaf-free zone along the dorsal stem surface created by lateral leaves that do not attain the stem midline.
guttulate: leaf surface with a few large, coarse, high and spherical papillae per cell, the surface then appearing as if speckled with spherical dots of oil or resin (e.g., Balantiopsis rosea). Also in reference to the cell lumen being rounded because of strong wall thickening (e.g., Gymnomitrion).
gynoecium (plural: gynoecia): the site of female reproduction, including protecting scales or leaves and the archegonia (e.g., Chandonanthus squarrosus, Fig. 139: 1).
gyre: a single whorl of two lateral leaves and an underleaf.
habitus: the overall appearance of a plant or colony of plants.
half-leaf: foliar structure associated with a terminal branch which replaces the other half of the leaf (e.g., Telaranea tuberifera, Fig. 64: 13).
half-underleaf: foliar structure associated with a terminal branch which replaces the other half of the underleaf (e.g., Lepidozia pumila, Fig. 42: 3).
hamate: hook-shaped.
haustorial collar: zone of cells at the upper end of the sporophyte foot where it joins the gametophyte; it serves to increase the surface area used to transfer nutrients from the gametophyte to the developing sporophyte.
helophytic: tolerating exposure to full sunlight.
heteroecious: the sexual condition of a species, subspecies or variety involving more than one arrangement of gametangia on the same plant or on differing plants; variable in its sexuality, appearing to be variously monoecious and dioecious.
hispid: covered with short stiff hairs.
Holarctic: relating to the northern parts of the New and Old Worlds, and used somewhat loosely to comprise the temperate, subarctic and arctic regions; especially used to describe a pattern of distribution.
homomallous (leaves): uniformly curving or bending to one side of the stem (e.g., Herbertus oldfieldianus, Fig. 11: 8).
horizontal: leaf plane (dorsal view) in which the leaf lies nearly parallel to the dorsal stem surface.
hyaline (cells): used in reference to parts of the leaf or plant lacking chloroplasts (e.g., underleaves of Bazzania adnexa, Fig. 94: 10). Hyaline cells appear colorless under the microscope, but whitish when viewed with the eye or with a hand lens. Also used to describe oil-bodies that are colorless.
hyaloderm/hyalodermis: outer layer of cells on the stem (cortex, q.v.) which are larger and thinner-walled than those within (e.g., Telaranea tetrapila, Fig. 61: 9). In some taxa the hyaloderm collapses (e.g., Wettsteinia schusteriana, Fig. 135: 9).
hygrophyte (hygrophytic): a plant that normally grows under conditions that are always very wet.
hymenophyll: a fern of the family Hymenophyllaceae, sometimes called a filmy fern.
hyperpáramo: a narrow zone with scarce vegetation between the grasslands (páramo) and the snow line in the Neotropics at ca. 4000 m.
hyphae: microscopic fungal threads (cf. mycorrhizae).
imbricate (leaves): overlapping loosely. Cf. julaceous.
incised: deeply and narrowly cut into sharp divisions separated by narrow sinuses.
included (perianth): surrounded by gynoecial bracts.
incrassate: with thickened cell walls.
incubous: leaf orientation in which the leaf edge facing the shoot apex is visible from above; also used to describe leaf insertion lines. Cf. succubous and transverse.
incurved (leaf apices and margins): with apices that are curved toward the central axis of the plant (e.g., Lophozia autoica, Fig. 140: 2) or margins that are curved inward toward the adaxial center of the leaf. Cf. recurved.
indeterminate: unlimited in growth.
infuscated: tinted with brown pigments.
innovation: a branch originating from directly below the perianth or, typically, associated with a bract or bracteole (e.g., Diplophyllum dioicum, Fig. 166: 10).
insertion: the line of leaf attachment on stem; often expressed as the angle the leaf makes to the stem. Cf. incubous, succubous and transverse.
insolated: exposed to full sunlight.
intercalary: positioned between base and apex of stem, used in reference to position of androecium following continuing vegetative growth.
intercalary branching: type of branching in which new branches are delayed in origin, developing from mature sectors of axes (as opposed to branches laid down closely to the apical cell at the stem apex, i.e., terminal branches), and are marked by a basal collar of ruptured stem cortical cells that are pushed up by the branch. There are two types: lateral-intercalary branches and ventral-intercalary branches.
intramarginal (cells): rows of cells interior to the marginal row.
involute (leaf margins): tightly inrolled; rolled upward and inward (adaxially).
isodiametric (cells): equal in width as length, not elongated.
isophyllous (plants): having underleaves that are similar to the lateral leaves in shape and size. The alternative state is anisophyllous (e.g., Hygrolembidium triquetrum, Fig. 114: 4).
jacket-cells: the cells that compose the wall of the antheridium body or sperm-containing sac.
julaceous (leaves): smoothly cylindrical and worm-like in appearance; used in reference to leaves overlapping very tightly so as to appear to form a continuous surface so that none of the stem is visible. Cf. imbricate.
keel (leaves, perianths): commissure or line formed by a sharp fold of a leaf, U- or V-shaped in section (e.g., the keel of a complicate-bilobed leaf of Scapania nemorosa, Fig. 171: 5); also used for the juncture of two sides of a perianth, e.g., a trigonous perianth is 3-keeled in Chiloscyphus spp.
lacinia (plural: laciniae): a narrow, tapered division, see laciniate.
laciniate: slashed into narrow, tapering divisions, each coarser than cilia and more than one cell wide at least toward base (e.g., Lepidozia ulothrix, Fig. 46: 6).
lamella (plural: lamellae): blade of tissue on the leaf or perianth surface that stands erect from the main lamina. Commonly present on the leaves of Schistochila; also seen on the perianth surface of Lamellocolea.
lamina (plural: laminae): a flat structure of a plant, usually either the leaf blade or the thallus; commonly in reference to that part of the leaf basal to the lobes.
lanceolate: narrowly ovate-acuminate and tapered from near the base; lance-shaped.
lateral-intercalary branch: type of branch that originates from the axil of a lateral leaf. A collar of cortical cells surrounds the base of the new branch, and the new branch is usually shorter than the parent branch (e.g., Triandrophyllum subtrifidum, Fig. 16: 1). Cf. intercalary branching.
lateral leaves: leaves (of leafy and pseudoleafy liverworts) that are arranged in two rows. They are often asymmetrical and are nearly always larger than underleaves.
lateral merophyte: the cells that give rise to lateral leaves (see under merophyte).
leaf lobe: part of a folded leaf (e.g., Clandarium xiphophyllum, Fig. 173: 9) or a divided leaf (e.g., Lepidozia hirta, Fig. 44: 3).
Lejeunea-type branch: a type of terminal branch in which the new branch arises behind an unmodified leaf and typically arises from the ventral half of the basiscopic portion of a segment; the branch lacks a distinct basal collar. Widespread in Lejeuneaceae.
Lejeunea-type innovation: a terminal-type branch originating directly below a perianth in which the leaf nearest the branching point, and the first leaf to form, is a lateral leaf. Cf. Pycnolejeunea -type innovation.
lenticular: lens-shaped, biconvex.
leptodermous: uniformly thin-walled.
ligulate: strap-shaped; moderately long and narrow, with sides parallel.
lingulate: tongue-shaped, widest at or near the base (e.g., leaves of Jamesoniella kirkii, Fig. 155: 5).
lobule: a sac-like structure. The lobule is at the basiscopic margin of the leaf (in all Lejeuneaceae) or replaces an underleaf lobe (in Lepidolaena). Where the lobule is part of a lateral leaf it is formed by a folding of the leaf margin (e.g., in Radula), or by a ventral lobe becoming concave or helmet-shaped (e.g., in Frullania). Also, the sac-like swelling at the base of male bracts formed by the inflexed or involute basiscopic margin of the bract. In epiphytic plants the lobule function is to retain water.
longitudinal insertion: with an insertion line parallel to the stem axis (e.g., Telaranea remotifolia, Fig. 65: 8). Cf. transverse insertion.
longitudinal wall: the longer pair of the four radial walls (q.v.) of a rectangular cell that is part of a cylinder or sphere; the vertical wall.
lumen (plural: lumina): the cell cavity bounded by the cell walls.
malleable: varying in form, the variation often caused by differing environmental conditions.
mamillose: with mamillae; having small nipple-like projections.
marsupium (plural: marsupia): a sac-like, pendent perigynium derived from stem tissue and acting as a sporophyte protective device (e.g., Trichotemnoma corrugatum, Fig. 124: 6, 7).
medulla: internal tissue of the stem, usually of thin-walled cells, and surrounded by the cortex. Hence medullary cells.
merophyte: (1) a single cell formed by the division of a shoot apical cell at one of its faces; (2) a group of cells derived from that single cell; (3) the structures derived from these cells; e.g., in leafy hepatics, from the one-celled merophyte formed at the apex a merophyte consisting of a single leaf and associated stem tissue is ultimately developed.
Microlepidozia-type branch: terminal branch replacing the antical half of a leaf, and originating from the dorsal half of lateral merophyte segment; the remaining half-leaf is ventral (e.g., Kurzia hippuroides, Fig. 79: 1).
microphyllous (of a shoot): small leaved; bearing leaves which are minute compared to the normal lateral leaves, e.g., of stolons or flagella (e.g., the microphyllous and geotropic ventral shoot of Acromastigum verticale, Fig. 86: 1).
middle lamella: the cementing layer between cellulose walls of adjacent cells; it may be colorless or pigmented and then often quite distinct.
monandrous (male bracts): with only one antheridium.
moniliform: like a string of beads.
monoecious (noun: monoecy): with both gynoecia and androecia on the same plant (on the same or different branches, cf. paroecious and autoecious for these distinctions) (e.g., Lophozia monoica, Fig. 141: 1). The opposite state is dioecious.
monopodial branching: manner of branching in which there is a leading main stem and smaller primary branches.
monotypic: containing a single element, especially used to refer to a genus comprising a single species.
mucilage: thick clear gelatinous fluid secreted by slime papillae (e.g., in Haplomitrium).
mucro: an abrupt short apical tooth on an otherwise obtuse leaf apex.
multistratose: more than one cell layer thick, as seen in cross section through a leaf or thallus (e.g., Hygrolembidium triquetrum, Fig. 114: 6).
mycorrhizal: infected with fungal hyphae (mycorrhizae) present in stems or thallus (e.g., Lophozia drucei, Fig. 143: 14). These appear as brown threads sometimes in a dense mass, usually within the host cells, but sometimes in spaces between the cells (e.g., Riccardia intercellula, cf. Brown and Braggins, 1989, fig. 13: 3).
naviculariform: boat-shaped.
Neotropics: the tropics of the New World, i.e., the American tropics.
nitid: shining, glossy.
nodose (trigones, cell walls): with knot-like swellings.
nodulose (trigones, cell walls): with small knot-like swellings.
oblate: nearly circular, but flattened above and below so that width is greater than length.
obliquely spreading (leaves): with leaf apex at 35–55° to stem.
obpyriform: pear-shaped but with the widest part farthest from the base or point of attachment.
obtrapezoidal (leaf disc shape): quadrilateral with none of the four sides parallel and widest distally.
ocellus (plural: ocelli): an unusually large cell having one or more large oil-bodies and lacking chloroplasts; found in leaves, bracts and perianths (e.g., Frullania spp., some Lejeuneaceae).
oil-bodies: variously shaped coherent collections of oil-droplets found in the cells of most liverworts (but not present in hornworts or mosses) (e.g., Mnioloma novae-zelandiae, Fig. 122: 10). They lack the green pigment of chloroplasts but can be the same size. Usually with a granular or papillose texture and about 5–10 µm long, disappearing on drying of specimens.
one-phase development or ontogeny: a pattern seen in the outermost layer of capsule wall cells in which all the longitudinal, radial walls have nodular thickenings (e.g., Chandonanthus squarrosus, Fig. 139: 5). Cf. two-phase development.
opaque: not transparent or translucent.
opposite/opposed (arrangement of leaves): of two leaves located exactly opposite on the two sides of a stem rather than staggered. An uncommon condition in the leafy liverworts. Cf. alternate.
Paleotropics: the tropics of the Old World, i.e., the Asian and Pacific tropics.
palmate: with lobes radiating from a central point.
papillae (singular: papilla): hemispherical or short elliptic thickenings of the lamina surface.
papillate (spore or leaf surfaces): having papillae.
papillose (surfaces of spore, leaf and perianth): appearing (under light microscope) coarsely roughened by collections of hemispheres or globules, usually ca. (2)4–10(15) per leaf cell and juxtaposed (e.g., Jamesoniella colorata, Fig. 157: 7).
paramecioid (oil-body shape): shaped like Paramecium, a single-celled animal, basically ellipsoidal but with a slight waist at the middle and wider and more acute-tipped at one end than the other.
paraphyllia (singular: paraphyllium): multicellular outgrowths from the stem that may be hair-like and simple or branched or are leaf-like (e.g., Chandonanthus squarrosus, Fig. 138: 1, 2).
paraphyses (singular: paraphysis): small, mostly filiform or lanceolate structures intermixed with antheridia.
parenchymatous: composed of undifferentiated cells, usually thin-walled and isodiametric; parenchyma is tissue comprised of such cells.
parenthosome: a curved, banded structure found on either side of a dolipore septum (q.v.) which may be perforate, imperforate or vesiculate (Fig. 3c).
paroecious (noun: paroecy): having androecia and gynoecia on the same axis but not mixed, with antheridia in axils of bracts immediately below the bracts surrounding the archegonia (e.g., Diplophyllum novum, Fig. 168: 1). A type of monoecy (q.v.).
patent (leaves): spreading at 45° or more to the stem. Cf. appressed and oblique.
paucidentate: with few teeth.
pectinate: of shoots with narrow leaves oriented at ± right angles to the stem, rather like the teeth of a blunt comb.
pellucid: penetrated by light but not transparent.
perianth: a tube of foliar origin in most leafy liverworts. Its function is to protect the developing sporophyte. In shape it can be bulbous, trigonous, flattened or cylindrical, or with a number of folds or keels, and it is either narrowed at the mouth (e.g., Jamesoniella colorata, Fig. 157: 8) or not (e.g., Telaranea herzogii, Fig. 76: 1) . The surface can be warted, papillose or ciliate. Serves the same function as a coelocaule and perigynium.
perigynium: a rather fleshy, tubular, sporophyte protective device that is derived from axial cells below and peripheral to the archegonial cluster; a reduced perianth is often present at the summit of the perigynium (e.g., Isotachis); a perigynium may or may not be associated with a shoot calyptra.
persistent (leaves): long-lasting. The opposite state is caducous.
piceous: glossy black.
piliferous (of leaf apex or perianth mouth): with a long hair point (e.g., Pseudomarsupidium piliferum, Fig. 129: 1, 2).
pinnate: with side branches from the main shoot that are shorter than the main shoot and tend to be in regular rows (e.g., Telaranea tetrapila, Fig. 61: 10).
pinnulate: having each pinna subdivided.
pit (pitted): minute perforation in walls between adjacent cells.
plagiotropic: growing at an oblique angle or horizontally. Cf. geotropic.
plane: used in reference to a leaf that is flattish, i.e., neither concave nor convex, or a margin neither incurved nor recurved.
plica (plural: plicae): a fold.
plicate (usually referring to the perianth): with longitudinal ribs of tissue (plicae, folds), e.g., perianth of Lophozia drucei (Fig. 143: 2).
plurilobulate: with several or many lobules.
pluripapillose (lamina surface): having numerous papilla per cell (e.g., Clandarium xiphophyllum, Fig. 173: 2, 4).
pluriplicate: with several or many folds.
polyandrous (male bracts): with several to many antheridia.
polymorphous: very variable in form.
polyphyletic: a group of taxa without a single common ancestor, a group of mixed origin.
polystratose (lamina): more than one cell thick, usually appearing thick and succulent to the eye.
postical: facing toward the base of a plant. Usually used to refer to the margin of a (obliquely or longitudinally inserted) leaf that is nearest the shoot base. Cf. antical.
primary branch: any branch arising from the main axis (cf. secondary branch).
prismatic (perianth): triangular in section; sharply trigonous.
processes: used in reference to projecting cells or rows of cells out of the plane of the leaf, usually from the leaf base or leaf lobe sinuses (e.g., Kurzia hippuroides var. ornata, Fig. 79: 2).
procumbent: lying flat and scarcely or loosely attached to the substrate.
prosenchymatous: tissue that is composed of elongated cells that overlap at their tips.
prostrate: lying flat on the substrate, closely or firmly attached.
proximal: the basal part of a shoot or leaf. Cf. distal.
pruinose: having a white powdery coating.
pseudodichotomous branching: branching in leafy liverworts where the new Frullania -type branch is subequal to the main axis in vigor and the main axis loses its dominance; the branches often originate from only one side of the axis. Seen most clearly in Acromastigum and Bazzania (e.g., Bazzania hochstetteri, Fig. 97: 6).
pseudodioecious: state in which plants appear to be dioecious with archegonia and antheridia appearing on separate plants when in fact they belong to the same plant but the connection in the older parts of the stem has decayed.
pseudoparenchyma: a dense tissue formed by hyphae growing closely together where individual hyphal components of the tissue are no longer distinguishable (Fig. 4c).
Pycnolejeunea-type innovation: a terminal-type branch originating directly below a perianth in which the foliar structure nearest the branching point, and the first foliar structure to form, is an underleaf. Cf. Lejeunea -type innovation.
pyriform: pear-shaped.
radial wall: one of four walls of a cell that is part of a cylinder or sphere that lies along a line radiating from the center of the cylinder or sphere. (In wood anatomy a radial wall is parallel to a ray.) Cf. tangential wall.
Radula-type branch: a type of terminal branch in which the new branch arises behind an unmodified leaf and typically arises from the ventral half of the merophyte segment; the branch lacks a basal collar and is often connate with the base of the associated stem leaf. Occurring, e.g., in Radula and in Schistochilaceae.
ramified: branched; a densely ramified plant is densely branched (e.g., Telaranea tridactylis, Fig. 53: 3).
receptacle: the closely juxtaposed, large bracts within which the antheridia or archegonia occur in some Haplomitrium species.
recurved (of leaf apices or margins): curved downward and backward, i.e., abaxially or away from the central axis of the plant (e.g., leaf lobes of Diplophyllum verrucosum, Fig. 164: 2) or the leaf (e.g., leaf margins of Isophyllaria attenuata, Fig. 17: 2). Cf. incurved.
reduced: smaller or structurally simpler than in ancestral forms.
regeneration: a form of vegetative regeneration developed from a mature cell that becomes meristematic, forming a minute superficial bud capable of developing into a new shoot; e.g., Chiloscyphus spp.
remote (leaves along a stem): widely separated (e.g., Telaranea remotifolia, Fig. 65: 8). The term, as used here, does not imply any particular distance between leaves, despite the common meaning in English. The term distant is synonymous.
reniform: kidney-shaped.
repand: having an uneven, slightly sinuous margin.
retuse: having a notch at the apex, indented by a rounded sinus; often in reference to a leaf with a rounded or truncate apex in the center of which is a rounded sinus; cf. emarginated, in which the sinus is acute.
revolute: strongly recurved. Cf. involute.
rhizoids: single-celled hairs, usually colorless or crimson, that anchor the plant to its substrate. They usually have their origin on the stem, and are usually clustered at the underleaf base in leafy liverworts. They may originate from underleaf cells (e.g., in Telaranea).
rhizoid initial: a small, thin-walled cell, with the potential to develop into a rhizoid.
rhizome: horizontal underground stem that gives rise to aerial branches.
rostellum: a small beak.
rostrum: beaked (e.g., the perianth summit of Frullania spp.).
rotundate: rounded, like the arc of a circle.
rudimentary: incompletely developed, vestigial.
saccate (describing a modified leaf or thallus margin): folded into a bag-shaped structure that encloses a space but is open at one end or on one side.
saxicolous: dwelling on rocks.
scalariform (capsule wall thickenings): ladder-like arrangement of the thickenings.
scalloped (margin): widely crenate.
secondary branch: any branch arising from a primary branch.
secund (leaves): turned or bent toward one side.
semiannular bands (capsule wall cells): U-shaped, band-like thickenings of the inner (and exceptionally the outer) capsule wall cells, occurring on the two radial walls and the outer tangential wall, but absent from the inner tangential wall (e.g., capsule wall of Isolembidium anomalum, Fig. 112: 1, 5).
septum (plural: septa): used here to refer to the cross walls of a uniseriate (or in part biseriate) lobe, e.g., the leaf lobes of Telaranea praenitens are swollen and projecting (Fig. 55: 5). Also used with reference to the swelling and thickening of marginal cells of the disc (e.g., Lepidozia procera, Fig. 30: 8).
serrate (lamina margin): toothed, but with the teeth set at an angle.
serrulate (lamina margin): finely serrate.
sessile: without a stalk, sitting close upon the body that supports it; e.g., slime papilla on underleaf margin or describing an archegoniophore.
seta (plural: setae): non-chlorophyllose, sporophytic stalk that elevates the capsule away from the leafy or thallose plant; usually extending rapidly by cell elongation when spores are mature.
setiform: bristle-like.
setose: with bristles or stiff hairs; setaceous (bristle-like).
sheet-like thickenings (of capsule wall cells): diffuse thickenings of longitudinal walls of inner and outer layers of capsule wall cells (e.g., Megalembidium insulanum, Fig. 118: 9 and Fig. 119: 8). See Schuster (1966b, pp. 592–597) for explanation and illustration of capsule wall thickenings.
shoot: stem and leaves taken together as a structure, or in the case of thallose forms, a branch of a thallus. A single unbranched axis.
shoot calyptra: an often firm and fleshy structure derived from the archegonial venter and axial tissue at the base of and peripheral to the archegonium; unfertilized archegonia are carried up the structure and are present on its sides.
“Shrot-Korn” type (oil-bodies): many minute homogeneous oil-droplets (see p. 47: K).
sigmoidal: S-shaped.
simple (shoot): unbranched.
sinuate: having the margin uneven, with flat edges having alternating concavities and convexities (slightly sinuate is repand, q.v.).
sinuous: applied to flat edges strongly curving in and out; of leaf margins. When used to describe cell walls, it refers to shared cell walls that can vary in thickness but are not lumpy (termed nodulose).
sinus: the gap between two adjacent lobes (e.g., of a leaf or underleaf).
slime papilla: specialized cell that produces mucilage, clavate and rounded at the apex, thin-walled, hyaline and sessile or stalked and found at the terminus of a lobe or tooth of a leaf or underleaf or at thallus tips (e.g., Telaranea tridactylis, Fig. 54: 15).
south temperate: of the Southern Hemisphere’s temperate zone.
snow tussock: tall tussock-forming grasses of the genus Chionochloa.
spatulate: narrow proximally, widening to become broad distally, flat throughout.
spherules (of oil-bodies): tiny spheres.
spicate: literally like ears of grain, forming a spike-like, racemic grass inflorescence; often used to describe the form of an androecium.
spindle-shaped (of oil-bodies): ellipsoidal but with narrowly acute ends (cf. fusiform).
spinose: a surface or margin covered in spines.
spinulose: a surface or margin covered in fine spines.
sporeling: the stage of a bryophyte between spore germination and maturity.
spores: the means of dispersal for liverworts and hornworts; cellular objects produced in the capsule that disperse to give rise to new plants. They are usually spherical and small (less than ca. 30 µm diameter), single-celled (in all liverworts), or few-celled (in some hornworts) and usually have distinctive patterning on their surface (e.g., Jamesoniella colorata, Fig. 157: 11).
sporophyte: the diploid, spore-producing generation of the liverwort (consisting of capsule, seta, and foot), which produces haploid spores and elaters. Cf. gametophyte.
spreading (leaves): the angle between leaf and stem; obliquely spreading = leaf apex is at 35–55° to the stem; widely spreading = leaf apex at 60–80°. Cf. suberect, squarrose. The term patent is also used to refer to leaves that are obliquely to broadly spreading from the stem.
squarrose (leaves and underleaves): the angle between leaf and stem is 90° or more.
stellate: star-shaped.
stem: the cylindrical part of a leafy liverwort that supports the leaves and reproductive parts.
stem midline: an imaginary central line along the dorsal surface of the stem. Leaves are said either to attain this midline, cross the midline and are then interlocking, or do not attain the midline in which case a distinct “gutter” (q.v.) on the dorsal surface may be apparent.
stem perigynium: see perigynium.
stenotypic: with an abnormally low level of variation.
stipitate: with a short stalk-like base; of perianths elevated by an apparent stalk (e.g., Dinckleria pleurata).
stolon: horizontal stem of the plant that creeps over or beneath the substrate and gives rise to aerial branches (e.g., Cryptochila grandiflora, Fig. 162: 1).
striate (surface of leaves, perianths): with linear, ridge-like markings oriented parallel with one another, appearing streaked (e.g., Tritomaria exsecta, Fig. 145: 8).
striolate (surface of leaves, perianths): with striolae, i.e., fine linear, ridge-like markings (e.g., Telaranea patentissima, Fig. 60: 9).
stylus: a uniseriate or multiseriate, subulate to triangular structure found between the lobule and stem in certain leafy liverworts (e.g., Frullania).
subamplexicaul: leaves extending their bases slightly and transversely onto the stem, clasping.
subcanaliculate: weakly channeled.
subcarinate: weakly keeled.
subcucullate: weakly hooded.
subcupulate: shaped somewhat like a small cup.
suberect (leaves): with leaf apex at 15–35° to stem.
subfalcate: weakly sickle-shaped.
subisophyllous (plants): with underleaves similar to the lateral leaves in shape (degree of lobing etc.), but smaller (ca. 60%–90% of the size) (e.g., Triandrophyllum subtrifidum, Fig. 16: 1).
subsquarrose: leaves almost at 90° to the stem, at an angle greater than widely spreading.
subulate: with a long, narrow, needle-like point.
subvitta: a weakly differentiated band of larger cells in a leaf.
subvittate (leaf): with a band of cells that each are larger than the rest, but only weakly so (e.g., Acromastigum marginatum, Fig. 89: 1).
succubous: leaf orientation in which the leaf edge facing the shoot base is visible from above, like shingles on a roof; also used to describe leaf insertion lines (e.g., Solenostoma hodgsoniae, Fig. 153: 1). Cf. incubous and transverse.
sulcate: grooved or furrowed; of leaf lobes or (perianth) the longitudinal grooves or furrows associated with plicae (e.g., leaves and bracts of Isophyllaria attenuata, Fig. 18: 1).
sulcus (plural: sulci): a groove.
superposed (cells): placed vertically on top of each other.
tangential wall: one of two walls of a cell that is part of a cylinder or sphere that lies in the plane of the circumference of the object. (In wood anatomy the tangential plane is perpendicular to the radial plane.) Cf. radial wall.
taxon: a taxonomic entity at an unspecified rank (e.g., genus, section, species, subspecies, variety).
teeth: projections composed of one to many cells, usually in the plane of the lamina (cf. processes), e.g., Scapania nemorosa (Fig. 171: 8).
terete: round in cross section, not flattened.
terminal branch: type of branch originating from merophyte cells cut from the apical cell at the shoot apex, a collar of cells at the branch base is nearly always lacking (e.g., Bazzania nova, Fig. 99: 4). Cf. intercalary branching.
terrestrial: dwelling on ground.
terricolous: dwelling on the ground.
tetrad (spores): a group of four.
thallose: of or pertaining to a thallus.
thallus: the dorsiventrally flattened gametophyte not differentiated into stem and leaves, and is often more than one cell thick; primarily in reference to the gametophyte form in Metzgeriales, Marchantiales and Anthocerotae.
thecal: used in reference to a branch having a collar or sheath of tissue, i.e., either a ventral- or lateral-intercalary branch. Cf. athecal.
tinted: colored by secondary pigments that are yellow, brown, red or purple (the primary pigment is chlorophyll).
tortuous: irregularly twisted, e.g., elaters.
transverse insertion: the insertion of the leaf on the stem is at right angles to the stem direction (e.g., Adelanthus occlusus, Fig. 134: 3). Cf. longitudinal insertion, incubous and succubous.
trapezoidal: quadrilateral with none of the four sides parallel.
trigone: a thickening at cell wall junctions. Usually three walls meet at the junction, so that the thickening is 3-sided (e.g., Solenostoma hodgsoniae, Fig. 153: 10). Trigones may be large, with sides convex and bulging, or medium and straight-sided, or small and concave-sided, or minute.
trigonous: three-angled, triangular in section.
triquetrous: triangular in section but ridged along the angles.
tristichous (leaf arrangement): arranged in three ranks, i.e., underleaves are present, and similar in size to lateral leaves. Cf. distichous.
truncate: abruptly cut off or squared off at the apex.
trunk hyphae: large aseptate hyphae occurring in glomeromycote fungi. Usually at least five times the diameter of arbuscules in the same cells (Fig. 2c).
tuber: a globose or ellipsoidal structure produced on a stoloniform axis (some Lepidoziaceae, e.g., Telaranea tuberifera, Fig. 64: 2, 10), or on the ventral surface of a thallus; regarded as a means of asexual reproduction.
tuberculate (surfaces of leaves, perianth and spores): ornamentation with one protuberance per cell and positioned centrally over the cell lumen; each more than 1 and less than 1.5× longer than wide, with regularity of base perimeter and consistency of apex form, knob-like, thick-walled at least at the summit, which is obtuse to rounded to truncate (e.g., Chiloscyphus leucophyllus).
tumid: inflated, swollen.
turbinate: shaped like a child’s top, obconic, narrow at the attached end, wide and rounded at the free end.
two-phase development or ontogeny: a pattern seen in the outermost layer of capsule wall cells in which approximately quadrate primary cells are without thickenings (or with only local and sporadic thickenings); the primary cells each further subdivide longitudinally by secondary walls that develop pigmented nodular thickenings. Thus a repeating pattern of alternating unthickened and thickened walls is created (e.g., Lepidozia laevifolia, Fig. 38: 10).
underleaf: the leaf found on the ventral (lower) side of most leafy liverworts and which is usually smaller than the lateral leaves; it is almost always symmetrical.
undulate (margin): applied to edges waved upward and downward.
uniseriate: arranged in a single row, usually referring to the cells making up a cilium (often used in describing the distal sector of a leaf, underleaf or perianth lobe); also of antheridial stalks (e.g., Diplophyllum verrucosum, Fig. 164: 11).
unisexual: having either male or female parts but not both, dioecious.
unispiral (elaters): with a single spiraled thickening band.
unistratose (leaf lamina or thallus): one cell thick. Most leafy liverworts have unistratose leaves (e.g., Telaranea tridactylis, Fig. 54: 4). Cf. multistratose and polystratose.
urceolate: urn-shaped.
valve: segments of a capsule after dehiscence, usually four per capsule (e.g., Cuspidatula monodon, Fig. 159: 3).
venter: the slightly swollen base of an archegonium, containing the egg, the archegonium otherwise with a neck.
ventral: lower aspect of a prostrate shoot. Cf. dorsal.
ventral-intercalary branching: type of branching in which branches originate from the axils of underleaves (e.g., Bazzania exempta, Fig. 105: 1). A collar of cortical cells surrounds the base of the new branch (see under intercalary branching). Synonymous with the older, less-used term postical-intercalary branching.
ventral merophyte: the cells that give rise to underleaves; term often used to express width (in number of cells) between opposing ventral leaf bases, e.g., having a ventral merophyte X cells wide.
ventricose: swollen, especially on one side toward the base; usually used in reference to male bracts.
vermiculate: a surface with worm-like patterning.
vermiform: worm-like.
verrucate: with wart-like outgrowths or swellings.
verrucose: with wart-like outgrowths or swellings.
verruculae: warts.
verruculose: with fine wart-like swellings.
vertical: leaf orientation in which the adaxial leaf face is turned to face the stem, the leaves then are seen ± edge-on in dorsal view. (The term does not relate to assurgency.)
vesicles: inflated hyphae produced within the host plant cells by many arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; often multinucleate and full of lipids (Fig. 2b).
vestigial: said of a structure (leaves, underleaves, teeth) that is reduced to only a trace or remnant (e.g., Jamesoniella tasmanica, Fig. 156: 5).
vinaceous: with the color of red wine, a crimson tinting.
vitta: a strip of enlarged cells, often also with thinner walls, running from the base toward the apex of a leaf, or toward the apices of its lobes; usually in median sector of leaf, but may be lateral in position (e.g., Bazzania monilinervis, Fig. 102: 2).
wing: a thin, flat extension of the keel of a perianth (e.g., Chiloscyphus spp.) or folded leaf (e.g., Schistochila) or female bract.
wiry (shoots): with the texture and appearance of wire, stiff and narrow.
xerophyte (xerophytic): a plant that is able to live in a very dry habitat.
Zoopsis-type branch: terminal branch replacing the whole lateral leaf, i.e., it originates from the entire lateral merophyte.
