Cladonia carneola
≡Cenomyce carneola Fr., Sched. Crit. Lich. Suec. 1–4: 23 (1825).
Description : Basal squamules persistent or evanescent, 2–3 mm long, 0.5–1 mm diam., irregularly laciniate. Podetia (3–)5–20(–50) mm tall, 2–4 mm diam., pale-yellow, cup-bearing; cups 2–9 mm diam., flaring abruptly, margins dentate; surface corticate at base, otherwise farinose-sorediate; soredia granular below cups and on inner surface of cups. Apothecia moderately common, 0.5–5 mm diam., pale-brown. Ascospores fusiform, 12–16.5 × 3.5–5 μm. Pycnidia very common, dark-brown to black, conical to cylindrical, blunt to subacute, gelatine colourless. Conidia 3–4 × 0.5–1 μm.
Chemistry : Thallus K−, C−, KC+ yellow, Pd−, UV−; containing usnic acid and accessory barbatic, and isousnic acids and zeorin.
S: Otago (Maungatua), Southland (Fortrose, Longwood Ra. summit). St: (Freshwater Valley). Recorded from collections made by Jack Scott Thomson in Zahlbruckner (1941: 325) and Martin (1958: 620). In grassland, rotting logs and on bogs. Known also from Europe, Scandinavia, Great Britain and North America in the Northern Hemisphere (Ahti & Hammer 2002) and from Chile (Ahti & Kashiwadani 1984; Stenroos 1995), Argentina (Stenroos et al. 1992) and Antarctica (Øvstedal & Lewis Smith 2001) in the Southern Hemisphere.
Bipolar
Illustrations : Galløe (1954: 73, pls 188–192); Thomson (1984: 117); Krog et al. (1994: 150); Hansen (1995: 26); Goward (1999: 116, fig. 5A; 118, fig. 2A); Brodo et al. (2001: 244, pl. 219); Øvstedal & Lewis Smith (2001: pl. 31).
Cladonia carneola is characterised by: the sorediate, pale-yellowish-green podetia terminating in broad, brown-rimmed cups; and the Pd− reaction, which distinguishes it from other sorediate, cup-bearing species.
