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Volume IV (1988) - Flora of New Zealand Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons
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Scrophulariaceae Juss.

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Annual or perennial herbs (rarely climbing), shrubs, or rarely trees, sometimes root semi-parasites. Lvs usually simple, sometimes deeply lobed, opposite, alternate, whorled, or opposite below and alternate above, occasionally all radical, exstipulate. Fls usually in bracteate racemes or spikes, or solitary and axillary, weakly to strongly zygomorphic. Calyx (3)-4-5-lobed, sometimes almost to base, sometimes 2-lipped. Corolla 4-5-(8)-lobed, often 2-lipped, sometimes saccate or with a spur near base, sometimes with a pouch (palate) at the base of the limb, occasionally with 2 pouches. Stamens 2, 4, 5 or rarely 6-8, usually didynamous; staminodes sometimes present. Anthers usually 2-celled. Ovary superior, (1)-2-(3)-locular; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Fr. usually a variously compressed loculicidal or septicidal capsule, rarely a berry or a schizocarp; seeds numerous, endospermic.

SYNOPSIS

The following subfamilial classification is based on Wettstein, R. von, in Engler, A. and Prantl, K., Natürl. Pflanzenfam. IV 3b (1895). Many other spp. in some of the genera mentioned below, as well as other genera, are only cultivated in N.Z. Some of those commonest cultivated genera are also listed.

Key

1
Fertile stamens 2
2
Fertile stamens 4-5
12
2
Corolla 2-lipped
3
Corolla 4-(6)-lobed, slightly irregular and not obviously 2-lipped
5
3
Corolla not obviously pouched
GRATIOLA†
Corolla with upper and lower lips forming pouches
4
4
Corolla pouches subequal, mauve or white with purple spots
JOVELLANA†
Lower corolla pouch much > upper, shoe-like, mostly yellow-orange, occasionally white
CALCEOLARIA
5
Corolla rotate; stamen filaments ± widely divergent; capsule didymous, angustiseptate
6
Corolla funnelform to salverform; stamen filaments erect or suberect; capsule usually pointed, latiseptate, sometimes didymous and/or angustiseptate
7
6
Herbs, sometimes aquatic; capsule always loculicidal; lateral corolla lobes never folded; anthers usually blue; lvs usually toothed except on plants in wet places
VERONICA
Subshrubs, always terrestrial; capsule septicidal or loculicidal; lateral corolla lobes usually longitudinally folded, rarely flat and then lvs entire; anthers whitish, yellow, or pink to purple
PARAHEBE†ζ
7
Cushion plants or compact shrublets; lvs always entire; fls solitary; calyx and corolla 5-(6)-partite; corolla usually salverform, rarely funnelform
CHIONOHEBE†ζ
Shrublets, shrubs to small trees, rarely compact or cushion-forming; lvs often entire, sometimes toothed or lobed; fls often in racemes or panicles, rarely solitary; calyx and corolla (3)-4-(5)-partite, usually funnelform, rarely salverform
8
8
Plants with whipcord habit (with ± scale-like lvs)
HEBE†ζ
Plants with normal leafy habit
9
9
Capsule latiseptate, pointed; adult lvs entire, usually at first enclosing vegetative bud in valvate pairs, later diverging, rarely diverging early and then connate
HEBE†ζ
Capsule angustiseptate, didymous; adult lvs toothed, rarely entire, usually diverging early and thus not enclosing vegetative bud, occasionally diverging late and enclosing vegetative bud, never connate
10
10
Infl. a many-flowered panicle; anthers yellowish; seeds fusiform
HEBE†ζ
Infl. a few-flowered raceme or fls 1-2; anthers pink or white; seeds flattened, ellipsoid
11
11
Lvs toothed, submembranous to coriaceous, diverging early; fls pedicellate, in few-flowered racemes, sometimes solitary
PARAHEBE†ζ
Lvs entire, very coriaceous, diverging late; fls sessile, in pairs in a few uppermost lf axils
HEBE†ζ
12
Corolla not or slightly to moderately 2-lipped
13
Corolla markedly 2-lipped
18
13
Trees; lvs opposite; lamina > 10 cm long (usually 12-25 cm long)
PAULOWNIA
Herbs; lvs alternate, or if opposite, then lamina < 10 cm long
14
14
Mesophytic herbs; stems always erect, usually much > 10 cm high, occasionally smaller
15
Small aquatic or swamp herbs a few cm high, often with creeping stems
17
15
Lvs < 3 cm long, often filiform, simple or compound; members of each anther pair subequal or unequal
MICRARGERIAζ
Lvs usually > 10 cm long, always simple; members of each anther pair equal
16
16
Corolla tube < lobes; limb rotate
VERBASCUM
Corolla tube much > lobes; limb from ± patent to erect
DIGITALIS
17
Calyx 3-4-lobed; stigma spathulate, irritable
GLOSSOSTIGMA†ζ
Calyx 5-lobed; stigma clavate, not irritable
LIMOSELLA†
18
Corolla very irregular, usually gibbous or spurred at the base on lower side, if not or only slightly gibbous then plants climbing
19
Corolla irregular but not gibbous or spurred at the base; plants never climbing
25
19
Corolla tube inconspicuous, very short; upper corolla lip 4-lobed; anthers 1-celled
NEMESIA
Corolla tube prominent, often = or > limb; upper corolla lip 2-lobed; anthers 2-celled
20
20
Stems usually erect or at least strongly ascending; lvs linear, lanceolate, oblong or ovate, pinnately veined, sessile or shortly petiolate; base usually cuneate to rounded, rarely cordate
21
Stems creeping, trailing or climbing; lvs broad-ovate, orbicular, reniform or hastate, palmately or partly palmately veined; petiole prominent and often long; base rounded to cordate
23
21
Corolla gibbous at base
ANTIRRHINUM
Corolla spurred at base
22
22
Bracts usually much < lvs; corolla pouch closing mouth of tube; capsule dehiscing by slits
LINARIA
Bracts ± similar to lvs; corolla pouch small and leaving mouth of tube open; capsule dehiscing by pores
CHAENORRHINUMζ
23
Corolla tube scarcely to prominently gibbous at base
LOPHOSPERMUM
Corolla tube spurred at base
24
24
Lvs fully palmately veined, the base ± cordate but never sagittate or hastate; corolla lower lip usually mauve to purple; capsule dehiscing by slits
CYMBALARIA
Lvs partly palmately veined, usually at least some lf bases sagittate or hastate; corolla lower lip usually yellow; capsule dehiscing by pores
KICKXIA
25
Plants autotrophic; calyx with 5 lobes, or 2-lipped
26
Plant hemiparasitic; calyx with 4, distinct lobes
31
26
Corolla tube several times > lobes, usually forming the prominent part of the fl.
27
Corolla tube not or only slightly > lobes with the lobes usually the prominent part of the fl.
29
27
Herbs with basal lvs forming rosettes; lvs alternate
DIGITALIS
Shrubs, or if herbs then lvs mostly cauline and opposite
28
28
Shrub; corolla tube cylindric, several times > lobes
PHYGELIUS
Herbs; corolla tube semiglobular, < 2× lobes
SCROPHULARIA
29
Calyx tubular, usually sharply angled; lobes much < tube
MIMULUS
Calyx campanulate or with tube inconspicuous; lobes = or > tube, sometimes extending almost to base of tube
30
30
Corolla strongly 2-lipped, with 2 prominent ridges in throat
MAZUS†
Corolla weakly 2-lipped; surface of throat smooth and without 2 prominent ridges
OURISIA†ζ
31
Lobes of upper lip of corolla emarginate and recurved; lobes of lower lip strongly emarginate
EUPHRASIA
Lobes of upper lip of corolla either entire or flat; lobes of lower lip entire or slightly emarginate
PARENTUCELLIA

c. 220 genera, 3000 spp., widespread but mainly temperate and subtropical.

Fig. 108. Fls of Scrophulariaceae. A Antirrhinum majus; B A. orontium; C Cymbalaria muralis; D Kickxia elatine. © All rights reserved. [Image: 4X3L]
Fig. 108. Fls of Scrophulariaceae. A Antirrhinum majus; B A. orontium; C Cymbalaria muralis; D Kickxia elatine. © All rights reserved. [Image: 4X3L]
Fig. 110. Fls of Scrophulariaceae. A Lophospermum erubescens; B Mimulus guttatus; C Phygelius capensis; D Scrophularia nodosa. © All rights reserved. [Image: 4X3P]
Fig. 110. Fls of Scrophulariaceae. A Lophospermum erubescens; B Mimulus guttatus; C Phygelius capensis; D Scrophularia nodosa. © All rights reserved. [Image: 4X3P]
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